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== Affixation and Derivation == | == Affixation and Derivation == |
Revision as of 11:58, 1 August 2017
Akachenti is the most commonly spoken major dialect of the Kachan language, spoken by the Ogunn people. It is an incorporating fusional polysynthetic language with fluid-S active morphosyntactic alignment and relatively free word order with default OVS.
Contents
Other Links
Phonology
Orthography
The phonemic inventory of Pre-Modern Akachenti was somewhat captured at the adoption of the Tongchan writing system, a series of glyphs for the perceived phonemes of the language. In particular, the current ae diphthong was considered a vowel, length was distinguished for five of the six vowels, and several current consonantal phonemes were and are considered consonant clusters.
- Vowels: a, a:, o, o:, u, u:, ae, e, e:, i, i:
- Consonant "Clusters": nl, hl, tl, dl, ngl, khl, kl, gl
The above are all clicks with pre-glottalized allophones in glottalic tone syllables.
Vowels
The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts five qualities, three heights, and length.
Short Vowels | Long Vowels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
front | central | back | front | central | back | |
close | i | u | i: | u: | ||
mid | e | o | e: | o: | ||
open | a | a: | ||||
PHONEMIC DIPHTHONG | aɛ - aɪ |
Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.
Front~Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | rounded | |
close | iɪ - ij | ui | |
mid | ie | ue | |
open | ia | ua |
The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though iɪ can realize as rising "diphthong" jɪ. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with e and a being prominent.
Consonants
Akachenti has 25 consonants.
Labial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulmonic | Click | Pulmonic | Click | |||||
Resonant | m | n | ᵑǃ | ɾ~ɹ | ᵑǁ | ŋ | ||
Stop | Fortis | b~p | t | ǃ | ǁ | k | ʔ | |
Lenis | d | ǃs | ᶢǁ | g | ||||
Affricate | Fortis | ǃx | tʃ | ǁx | ||||
Lenis | dʒ | |||||||
Fricative | v~f | s | ʃ | x | ɦ (ç) |
Romanization
resonants | IPA | m | n | ᵑǃ | ɾ~ɹ | ᵑǁ | ŋ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
letter | m | n | nl | r | ngl | ng | |
fortis stops | IPA | b~p | t | ǃ | ǁ | k | ʔ |
letter | b | t | tl | kl | k | ' | |
lenis stops | IPA | d | ǃs | ᶢǁ | g | ||
letter | d | l | gl | g | |||
affricates | IPA | ǃx | dʒ | tʃ | ǁx | ||
letter | hl | j | ch | khl | |||
fricatives | IPA | v~f | s | ʃ | ɦ~ç | x | |
letter | v | s | sh | h | kh |
Clusters
n | ŋ | ɹ | ɦ | x | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nonlabial click/stop/affr. | n(C) | ŋ(C) | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
labial (m, b, v) + g | ∅ | ∅ | (C)ɹ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
v | ∅ | ∅ | (C)ɹ | (C)ɦ | (C)x | ∅ |
ʃ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | (C)d |
Regional dialect variations may allow sɹ, ʃɹ, dɹ, or ɹɦ and ɹx, but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.
Prosody
Register
Tone goes hand in hand with variations in quality, duration, and phonation of affected syllables.
Affixation and Derivation
Compounding and Incorporation
Akachenti is an incorporating language and frequently creates compound nouns, compound adjective-nouns, compound serial verbs, and incorporated "compound" noun-verbs.
Rules of Compounding
- Identical or near-identical adjacent syllables are merged, e.g. a + kacha + chan + enti = Akachenti, not *Akachachanenti
Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional affixes appear to all be postpositions, in keeping with an OVS language and verbs tending to fuse at the end of a word. Unlike evening constructions, inflectional affixes have fused sufficiently that they no longer attract glottalic tone to their first and last syllables. Inflectional affixes serve as a compounded extension of the root.
The Verb Base
There are two primary verb bases, demonstrated below.
unmarked | + agentive affix | optative | + agentive affix |
---|---|---|---|
baga: | baga:v(a) | baga:sha | ∅ |
ashi | ashik(a) | ashiv(a) | ∅ |