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| − | Akachenti is the most commonly spoken major dialect of the [[Kachan (Language)|Kachan]] language, spoken by the [[Ogunn]] people. It is an incorporating fusional polysynthetic language with fluid-S active morphosyntactic alignment and relatively free word order with default OVS. | + | Akachenti is the most commonly spoken major dialect of the [[:Category:Language: Akachenti|Kachan]] language, spoken by the [[Ogunn]] people. It is an incorporating fusional polysynthetic language with fluid-S active morphosyntactic alignment and relatively free word order with default OVS. |
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| − | == Phonology == | + | == Other Links == |
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| − | === Vowels ===
| + | * [http://cals.conlang.org/language/kachan/ Akachenti on CALS] |
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| − | The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts three vowel heights and length.
| + | {{:Akachenti Phonology}} |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | + | {{:Akachenti Prosody}} |
| − | |+ Vowels
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| − | ! || colspan="3"|Front || colspan="3"|Back
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| − | |-
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| − | | || '''short''' || '''long''' || '''diphthong''' || '''short''' || '''long''' || '''diphthong'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''close''' || i || i: || ''iɪ - ij'' || u || u: || ''ui''
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''mid''' || e || e: || ''ie'' || o || o: || ''ue''
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''open''' || || || ''ia'' || a || a: || ''ua''
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| − | |-
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| − | |'''phonemic diphthong || colspan="6"|aɛ - aɪ
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| − | |}
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| − | Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.
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| − | The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though ''iɪ'' can realize as rising "diphthong" ''jɪ''. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with ''e'' and ''a'' being prominent.
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| − |
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| − | === Consonants ===
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| − | |+ Phonemic Consonants
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| − | ! || || Labial || colspan="3"|Alveolar || colspan="3"|Post-Alveolar || colspan="3"|Velar || colspan="2"|Glottal
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| − | |-
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| − | | || || || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small>
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| − | |-
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| − | | colspan="2"|'''nasal''' || m || n || || || || || || ŋ || || || ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | rowspan="3"|'''click''' ||<small>'''nasal'''</small> || || ᵑǃ || || || ᵑǁ || || || || || || ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | <small>'''simple'''</small> || || <small>g</small>ǃ || ǃ || || <small>g</small>ǁ || ǁ || || || || || ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | <small>'''fricated release'''</small> || || (<small>sg</small>ǃˡ) || || <small>s</small>ǃʱˡ || || || <small>s</small>ǁʱˡ || || || || ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | colspan="2"|'''stop/affricate''' || b || d || t || || dʒ || tʃ || || g || k || || ʔ || (ʔh)
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| − | |-
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| − | | colspan="2"|'''fricative''' || f-v || || s || || || ʃ || || || colspan="2"| x || || ɦ
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| − | |-
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| − | | colspan="2"|'''tap/approximant''' || || ɺ || || || ɹ - ɾ || || || || || || ||
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | Consonants in parenthesis are allophones. The only true consonantal approximant in Akachenti is an allophone of the rhotic tap. The lateral tap has the allophone of a voiced fricated alveolar click.
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| − |
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| − | === Clusters ===
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| − | |+ Consonant Clusters
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| − | |-
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| − | | ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | ||
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | === Allophones ===
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| − | |+ Consonant Allophones
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| − | ! Syllable || colspan="4"|Midtone (default) || colspan="3"|Glottalic Tone || colspan="3"|Low Tone
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| − | |-
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| − | | || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small> || <small>'''Word-Final'''</small> || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small> || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small>
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| − | |-
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| − | | Rural || k || || || k̚ || kʼ || || kʼ || || ||
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| − | |-
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| − | | Urban || k || || || k̚ || q || || q || || ||
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | == Verbs ==
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| − |
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| − | === The Copula ===
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| − | Thus far, we posit Pre-Modern Akachenti copular forms of ''se:'', "to be", and the nominalized ''sen'', "what (one) is". The fact that the copula almost always takes alternate vowel forms rather than glottalic tone indicates an underlying long vowel affecting neighboring syllables despite being mutable, pronounced with a mid-tone and short.
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |+ |Diachronic Reconstruction
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| − | !lexeme || gloss || part of speech
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| − | |-
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| − | |se: || to be || verb
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| − | |-
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| − | |se:n || what (one) is || nominalized verb
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| − | |+ |Synchronic Examples
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| − | !lexeme || sample || definition || translation || alignment
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| − | |-
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| − | |se: || hese: || how are (you)? || how be? || denuded
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| − | |-
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| − | |se: || ise: ganche || it is beautiful || it's beautiful || i-agentive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || ise ganchá || it, I am (experiencing), (it) does beauty (to) me.<small>PAT</small> || it's beautiful to me || e-patientive, á-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || isikachan evagonchan || it is, Kachan, my home voice || Kachan is the language I speak at home || e-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || igonar isiganchanta || it, my home, it is beautiful || my home is beautiful || i-agentive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || sa gudá || I am an experiencer of home-want || I'm a shut-in OR I don't get out much || á-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || usa iba:sh || (with) you, I am that, a lover || with you, I am a lover || i-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |se || huede esef (huede esev) || and that is (going to be)? || and that is too? || e-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |sen || isen ís || it.<small>AGT</small>, what (it) is, (it) is that.<small>PAT</small> || it is what it is || í-patientive
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| − | |-
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| − | |sen || hesen || what is (it)? || what is it? || denuded
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | == Affixation and Derivation ==
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| − |
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| − | === Compounding and Incorporation ===
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| − |
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| − | Akachenti is an incorporating language and frequently creates compound nouns, compound adjective-nouns, compound serial verbs, and incorporated compound noun-verbs.
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| − |
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| − | '''Rules of Compounding'''
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| − |
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| − | # Identical or near-identical adjacent syllables are merged, e.g. ''a + kacha + chen + enti'' = ''Akachenti'', not ''*Akachachenenti''
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| − |
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| − | === Inflectional Affixes ===
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| − |
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| − | Inflectional affixes appear to all be postpositions, in keeping with an OVS language and verbs tending to fuse at the end of a word. Unlike evening constructions, inflectional affixes have fused sufficiently that they no longer attract glottalic tone to their first and last syllables. Inflectional affixes serve as a compounded extension of the root.
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| − |
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| − | ==== The Verb Base ====
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| − |
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| − | There are two primary verb bases, demonstrated below.
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| − |
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| − | {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| − | |+ |Synchronic Examples
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| − | !unmarked || + agentive affix || optative || + agentive affix
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| − | |-
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| − | |baga: || baga:v(a) || baga:sha || ∅
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| − | |-
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| − | |ashi || ashik(a) || ashiv(a) || ∅
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | === Constructions ===
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| | [[Category:Kingdoms and Thorn]] | | [[Category:Kingdoms and Thorn]] |
| | [[Category:Language]] | | [[Category:Language]] |
The phonemic inventory of Pre-Modern Akachenti was somewhat captured at the adoption of the Tongchan writing system, a series of glyphs for the perceived phonemes of the language. In particular, the current ae diphthong was considered a vowel, length was distinguished for five of the six vowels, and several current consonantal phonemes were and are considered consonant clusters.
The above are all clicks with pre-glottalized allophones in glottalic tone syllables.
The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts five qualities, three heights, and length.
Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.
The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though iɪ can realize as rising "diphthong" jɪ. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with e and a being prominent.
Tone goes hand in hand with variations in quality, duration, and phonation of affected syllables.
