Difference between revisions of "Akachenti Verbs"

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== Verbs ==
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== Verb Classes ==
  
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=== Verbal Agreement Case Marking ===
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=== Iteration 1 ===
  
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Akachenti's pronominal case agreement system is similar to that of [https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_32_10.pdf natlang Kotiria], where argument/slot order initially determined case and marked case eventually permitted free order constrained by topicalization.
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Potential verb classes:
  
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==== Unmarked Order ====
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# Monovalent (1 argument)
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## Intransitive, e.g. "I eat"
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## Indirect, e.g. "I (have) want"
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## Stative/Adjectival, e.g. "She is beautiful"
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# Divalent (2 arguments)
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## Transitive, e.g. "I eat food"
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# Trivalent (3 arguments)
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## Causative, e.g. "I want (to eat)"
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## Ditransitive Recipient, e.g. "I give them that"
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## Ditransitive Benefactive/Comitative, e.g. "She is beautiful to me"
  
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Synchronically, unmarked order is:
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=== Iteration 2 ===
  
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::: topic/patientive + <small>VERB ROOT</small> + agentive
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# Active Verb
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## bo, to do
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## agata, to meet
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# Stative Verb
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## da, to want
  
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In cases where topic is not conflated with one of the first two core arguments—nominative or accusative—the default order shifts to:
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== Verb Stems ==
  
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::: topic + patientive + <small>VERB ROOT</small> + agentive
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=== Iteration 1 ===
  
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indicating a diachronic conditioned merger of the topic and patientive slots. Significantly, this order is only valid for intransitive and transitive verbs. Verbs with more than two referents marked on the verb utilize various hierarchical combinations of person and case marking across all available slots to indicate multiple objects.
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# Realis
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## baga:
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## agata
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# Irrealis
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## baga:sha
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## agatanka
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# Imperative
  
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Even in cases where only two core arguments are marked on the verb, unmarked order is not always possible.
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== The Verbal Template ==
  
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==== Accusative-Possessive ====
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|+ Slots
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! 1<br><small>(req.)</small>
 +
! 2<br><small>(opt.)</small>
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! 3<br><small>(opt.)</small>
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! 4<br><small>(usu req.)</small>
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! 5<br><small>(opt.)</small>
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! 6<br><small>(req.)</small>
 +
! 7<br><small>(opt.)</small>
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! 8<br><small>(opt.)</small>
 +
! 9<br><small>(usu req.)</small>
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|- style="text-align:left;"
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|
 +
# question particle
 +
# topic
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|
 +
# light verb
 +
# auxiliary verb
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# modal/numeral prefix
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| negation of verb
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| recipient/patient/agent<br>''<small>(if separate from topic)</small>''
 +
| incorporated noun/adj./verb
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| verb stem
 +
| recipient/patient/agent<br>''<small>(in trivalent expressions)</small>''
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| verb suffix
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| recipient/patient/agent<br>''<small>(if separate from topic)</small>''
 +
|}
  
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The modern accusative-possessive is marked by a glottalic accent vowel in the case of simple markers. This is a reduced form of the original accusative-possessive affix.
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=== Slot 1. Question/Topic ===
  
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==== Patientive-Oblique ====
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=== Slot 2. Verbal Prefix ===
  
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The modern patientive-oblique is marked by a raised mid-tone vowel. This may be an actual alternation fallback or a reduced form of an original dative affix. In its marking of relative clauses, there is evidence it may have also reduced from a genitive affix.
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=== Slot 3. Verbal Negation ===
  
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=== The Copula ===
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=== Slot 4. Pronominal Prefix ===
  
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Thus far, we posit Pre-Modern Akachenti copular forms of ''se:'', "to be", and the nominalized ''sen'', "what (one) is". The fact that the copula almost always takes alternate vowel forms rather than glottalic tone indicates an underlying long vowel affecting neighboring syllables despite being mutable, pronounced with a mid-tone and short.
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=== Slot 5. Incorporated Stem ===
  
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{| class="wikitable"
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=== Slot 6. Verb Stem ===
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|+ |Diachronic Reconstruction
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!lexeme || gloss || part of speech
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=== Slot 7. Pronominal Infix ===
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|-
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|se: || to be || verb
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=== Slot 8. Verbal Suffix ===
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|-
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|se:n || what (one) is || nominalized verb
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=== Slot 9. Pronominal Suffix ===
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|}
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 +
== Tense-Aspect-Mood ==
 +
 
 +
=== Simple Present ===
 +
 
 +
Simple present is an interesting beast, as both the present continuative/perfect and the present persistent can be used as a simple present. They both mean something that is currently now true, and thus fall under a factual/indicative usage. The difficulty is that the first only refers to things that predate "now" and the latter only refers to things started now. Nevertheless, while the persistent does imply strongly that the action or state is expected to continue, it can be used in cases where the continuation is irrelevant or unknown, so the present continuative is more likely to be used as a simple present, but present persistent is more like a simple present.
 +
 
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=== Verb Stem Paradigms ===
  
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
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{| class="wikitable"  
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|+ |Synchronic Examples
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|+ Verb Stem Paradigm I
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!lexeme || sample || definition || translation || alignment
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! style="text-align:center;"|TAM || style="text-align:center;"|verb stem || style="text-align:center;"|description
 
|-
 
|-
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|se: || hese: || how are (you)? || how be? || denuded
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| present continuative,<br>present perfect,<br>simple past,<br>gnomic
 +
| unmarked root
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| <small>I do that, I still do that;<br>I've done that, I did that (and haven't undone it)</small>
 
|-
 
|-
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|se: || ise: ganche || it is beautiful || it's beautiful || i-agentive
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| present persistent,<br>present inchoative
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| root + sh(V)
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| <small>I do (now), I'm doing that;<br>I do (and will continue to do)</small>
 
|-
 
|-
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|se || ise ganchá || it, I am (experiencing), (it) does beauty (to) me.<small>PAT</small> || it's beautiful to me || e-patientive, á-patientive
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| past discontinuous
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| vi + root
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| <small>I did that (but now don't);<br>I did that (and have undone it)</small>
 
|-
 
|-
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|se || isikachan evagonchan || it is, Kachan, my home voice || Kachan is the language I speak at home || e-patientive
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| subjunctive,<br>future indicative,<br>narrative
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|-
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| vi + root + sh(V)
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|se || igonar isiganchanta || it, my home, it is beautiful || my home is beautiful || i-agentive
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| <small>I may do that;<br>I'll do that</small>
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|-
 
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|se || sa gudá || I am an experiencer of home-want || I'm a shut-in OR I don't get out much || á-patientive
 
−
|-
 
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|se || usa iba:sh || (with) you, I am that, a lover || with you, I am a lover || i-patientive
 
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|-
 
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|se || huede esef (huede esev) || and that is (going to be)? || and that is too? || e-patientive
 
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|-
 
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|sen || isen ís || it.<small>AGT</small>, what (it) is, (it) is that.<small>PAT</small> || it is what it is || í-patientive
 
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|-
 
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|sen || hesen || what is (it)? || what is it? || denuded
 
 
|}
 
|}
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[[Category:Language: Akachenti]]
 
[[Category:Language: Akachenti]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 5 September 2017

Verb Classes

Iteration 1

Potential verb classes:

  1. Monovalent (1 argument)
    1. Intransitive, e.g. "I eat"
    2. Indirect, e.g. "I (have) want"
    3. Stative/Adjectival, e.g. "She is beautiful"
  2. Divalent (2 arguments)
    1. Transitive, e.g. "I eat food"
  3. Trivalent (3 arguments)
    1. Causative, e.g. "I want (to eat)"
    2. Ditransitive Recipient, e.g. "I give them that"
    3. Ditransitive Benefactive/Comitative, e.g. "She is beautiful to me"

Iteration 2

  1. Active Verb
    1. bo, to do
    2. agata, to meet
  2. Stative Verb
    1. da, to want

Verb Stems

Iteration 1

  1. Realis
    1. baga:
    2. agata
  2. Irrealis
    1. baga:sha
    2. agatanka
  3. Imperative

The Verbal Template

Slots
1
(req.) 		2
(opt.) 		3
(opt.) 		4
(usu req.) 		5
(opt.) 		6
(req.) 		7
(opt.) 		8
(opt.) 		9
(usu req.)
  1. question particle
  2. topic
  1. light verb
  2. auxiliary verb
  3. modal/numeral prefix
 negation of verb recipient/patient/agent
(if separate from topic) 		incorporated noun/adj./verb verb stem recipient/patient/agent
(in trivalent expressions) 		verb suffix recipient/patient/agent
(if separate from topic)

Slot 1. Question/Topic

Slot 2. Verbal Prefix

Slot 3. Verbal Negation

Slot 4. Pronominal Prefix

Slot 5. Incorporated Stem

Slot 6. Verb Stem

Slot 7. Pronominal Infix

Slot 8. Verbal Suffix

Slot 9. Pronominal Suffix

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Simple Present

Simple present is an interesting beast, as both the present continuative/perfect and the present persistent can be used as a simple present. They both mean something that is currently now true, and thus fall under a factual/indicative usage. The difficulty is that the first only refers to things that predate "now" and the latter only refers to things started now. Nevertheless, while the persistent does imply strongly that the action or state is expected to continue, it can be used in cases where the continuation is irrelevant or unknown, so the present continuative is more likely to be used as a simple present, but present persistent is more like a simple present.

Verb Stem Paradigms

Verb Stem Paradigm I
TAM verb stem description
present continuative,
present perfect,
simple past,
gnomic 		unmarked root I do that, I still do that;
I've done that, I did that (and haven't undone it)
present persistent,
present inchoative 		root + sh(V) I do (now), I'm doing that;
I do (and will continue to do)
past discontinuous vi + root I did that (but now don't);
I did that (and have undone it)
subjunctive,
future indicative,
narrative 		vi + root + sh(V) I may do that;
I'll do that
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