Difference between revisions of "Akachenti Phonology"
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Diphthongs | |+ Diphthongs | ||
| − | ! || colspan="2"|Front || Back | + | ! || colspan="2"|Front~Central || Back |
|- | |- | ||
| || <small>'''unrounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> | | || <small>'''unrounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> | ||
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|'''mid''' || ie || ue || | |'''mid''' || ie || ue || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |'''open''' || ia || | + | |'''open''' || ia || || ua |
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=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
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| + | Akachenti has 25 consonants. | ||
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| || || dʒ || || | | || || dʒ || || | ||
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| − | ! | + | ! colspan="2"|Fricative |
| − | + | | v~f || s || || ʃ || || x || ɦ (ç) | |
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| − | | v~f || || || | ||
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==== Romanization ==== | ==== Romanization ==== | ||
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|- style="font-size: small;" | |- style="font-size: small;" | ||
! rowspan="2"|affricates || IPA | ! rowspan="2"|affricates || IPA | ||
| − | | ǃx || dʒ || tʃ || ǁx || || | + | | ǃx || dʒ || tʃ || ǁx || || |
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! letter | ! letter | ||
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|- style="font-size: small;" | |- style="font-size: small;" | ||
! rowspan="2"|fricatives || IPA | ! rowspan="2"|fricatives || IPA | ||
| − | | v~f || s || ʃ || ç || x || | + | | v~f || s || ʃ || ɦ~ç || x || |
|- | |- | ||
! letter | ! letter | ||
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Regional dialect variations may allow ''sɹ'', ''ʃɹ'', ''dɹ'', or ''ɹɦ'' and ''ɹx'', but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions. | Regional dialect variations may allow ''sɹ'', ''ʃɹ'', ''dɹ'', or ''ɹɦ'' and ''ɹx'', but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions. | ||
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Latest revision as of 16:16, 28 October 2018
Phonology
Orthography
The phonemic inventory of Pre-Modern Akachenti was somewhat captured at the adoption of the Tongchan writing system, a series of glyphs for the perceived phonemes of the language. In particular, the current ae diphthong was considered a vowel, length was distinguished for five of the six vowels, and several current consonantal phonemes were and are considered consonant clusters.
- Vowels: a, a:, o, o:, u, u:, ae, e, e:, i, i:
- Consonant "Clusters": nl, hl, tl, dl, ngl, khl, kl, gl
The above are all clicks with pre-glottalized allophones in glottalic tone syllables.
Vowels
The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts five qualities, three heights, and length.
| Short Vowels | Long Vowels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| front | central | back | front | central | back | |
| close | i | u | i: | u: | ||
| mid | e | o | e: | o: | ||
| open | a | a: | ||||
| PHONEMIC DIPHTHONG | aɛ - aɪ | |||||
Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.
| Front~Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | rounded | |
| close | iɪ - ij | ui | |
| mid | ie | ue | |
| open | ia | ua | |
The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though iɪ can realize as rising "diphthong" jɪ. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with e and a being prominent.
Consonants
Akachenti has 25 consonants.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonic | Click | Pulmonic | Click | |||||
| Resonant | m | n | ᵑǃ | ɾ~ɹ | ᵑǁ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | Fortis | b~p | t | ǃ | ǁ | k | ʔ | |
| Lenis | d | ǃs | ᶢǁ | g | ||||
| Affricate | Fortis | ǃx | tʃ | ǁx | ||||
| Lenis | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | v~f | s | ʃ | x | ɦ (ç) | |||
Romanization
| resonants | IPA | m | n | ᵑǃ | ɾ~ɹ | ᵑǁ | ŋ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| letter | m | n | nl | r | ngl | ng | |
| fortis stops | IPA | b~p | t | ǃ | ǁ | k | ʔ |
| letter | b | t | tl | kl | k | ' | |
| lenis stops | IPA | d | ǃs | ᶢǁ | g | ||
| letter | d | l | gl | g | |||
| affricates | IPA | ǃx | dʒ | tʃ | ǁx | ||
| letter | hl | j | ch | khl | |||
| fricatives | IPA | v~f | s | ʃ | ɦ~ç | x | |
| letter | v | s | sh | h | kh |
Clusters
| n | ŋ | ɹ | ɦ | x | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nonlabial click/stop/affr. | n(C) | ŋ(C) | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
| labial (m, b, v) + g | ∅ | ∅ | (C)ɹ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
| v | ∅ | ∅ | (C)ɹ | (C)ɦ | (C)x | ∅ |
| ʃ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | (C)d |
Regional dialect variations may allow sɹ, ʃɹ, dɹ, or ɹɦ and ɹx, but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.
