Difference between revisions of "Akachenti Phonology"

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
|+ Diphthongs
 
|+ Diphthongs
−
! || colspan="2"|Front || Back
+
! || colspan="2"|Front~Central || Back
 
|-
 
|-
 
| || <small>'''unrounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small>
 
| || <small>'''unrounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small> || <small>'''rounded'''</small>
Line 41: Line 41:
 
|'''mid''' || ie || ue ||  
 
|'''mid''' || ie || ue ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''open''' || ia || ua ||  
+
|'''open''' || ia || || ua
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 48: Line 48:
 
=== Consonants ===
 
=== Consonants ===
  
−
==== Click Consonants ====
+
Akachenti has 25 consonants.
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
−
|+ Click Consonants
+
|+ Phonemic Consonants
−
! || colspan="4"|Front (apical/alveolar) || colspan="4"|Back (lateral/palatal)
+
! colspan="2"|
 +
! rowspan="2"|Labial
 +
! colspan="2"|Alveolar
 +
! colspan="2"|Post-Alveolar
 +
! rowspan="2"|Velar
 +
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2"|
 +
! <small>Pulmonic</small> || <small>Click</small>
 +
! <small>Pulmonic</small> || <small>Click</small>
 +
|-
 +
! colspan="2"|Resonant
 +
| m || n || ᵑǃ || ɾ~ɹ || ᵑǁ || ŋ ||
 +
|-
 +
! rowspan="2"|Stop
 +
! <small>Fortis</small>
 +
| rowspan="2"|b~p || t || ǃ || || ǁ || k || ʔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
! || affricate || tenuis || voiced || nasal || affricate || tenuis || voiced || nasal
+
! <small>Lenis</small>
 +
| d || ǃs || || ᶢǁ || g ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| sharp
+
! rowspan="2"|Affricate
−
| || ǃ (tl) || || ᵑǃ (nl)
+
! <small>Fortis</small>
−
| || || ||
+
| || || rowspan="2"|ǃx || tʃ || rowspan="2"|ǁx || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| soft
+
! <small>Lenis</small>
−
| || || ||
+
| || || dʒ || ||
−
| || ǁ (kl) || ᶢǁ (gl) || ᵑǁ
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| fricated
+
! colspan="2"|Fricative
−
| ǃx (hl) || ǃs (l) || ||
+
| v~f || s || || ʃ || || x || ɦ (ç)
−
| ǁx (khl) || || ||
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==== Draft Table ====
+
==== Romanization ====
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
−
|+ Phonemic Consonants
+
|+ Consonant Romanization
−
! || || Labial || colspan="3"|Alveolar || colspan="3"|Post-Alveolar || colspan="3"|Palato-Velar || colspan="2"|Glottal
+
|- style="font-size: small;"
 +
! rowspan="2"|resonants || IPA
 +
| m || n || ᵑǃ || ɾ~ɹ || ᵑǁ || ŋ
 +
|-
 +
! letter
 +
| m || n || nl || r || ngl || ng
 
|-
 
|-
−
| || || || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small> || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || <small>'''murmured'''</small>
+
|
 +
|- style="font-size: small;"
 +
! rowspan="2"|fortis stops || IPA
 +
| b~p || t || ǃ || ǁ || k || ʔ
 
|-
 
|-
−
| colspan="2"|'''nasal''' || m || n || || || || || || ŋ || || || ||
+
! letter
 +
| b || t || tl || kl || k || '
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="3"|'''click''' ||<small>'''nasal'''</small> || || ᵑǃ || || || ᵑǁ || || || || || || ||
+
|
 +
|- style="font-size: small;"
 +
! rowspan="2"|lenis stops || IPA
 +
| d || ǃs || ᶢǁ || g || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| <small>'''simple'''</small> || || <small>g</small>ǃ || ǃ || || <small>g</small>ǁ || ǁ || || || || || ||
+
! letter
 +
| d || l || gl || g || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| <small>'''fricated release'''</small> || || (<small>sg</small>ǃˡ) || || <small>s</small>ǃʱˡ || || || <small>s</small>ǁʱˡ || || || || ||
+
|
 +
|- style="font-size: small;"
 +
! rowspan="2"|affricates || IPA
 +
| ǃx || dʒ || tʃ || ǁx || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| colspan="2"|'''stop/affricate''' || b || d || t || || dʒ || tʃ || || g || k || || ʔ ||  
+
! letter
 +
| hl || j || ch || khl || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| colspan="2"|'''fricative''' || f-v || || s || || || ʃ || || || ç || x || || (ɦ)
+
|
 +
|- style="font-size: small;"
 +
! rowspan="2"|fricatives || IPA
 +
| v~f || s || ʃ || ɦ~ç || x ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| colspan="2"|'''tap/approximant''' || || ɺ || || || ɹ - ɾ || || || || || || ||
+
! letter
 +
| v || s || sh || h || kh ||  
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
Consonants in parentheses are allophones. The only true consonantal approximant in Akachenti is an allophone of the rhotic tap. The lateral tap has the allophone of a voiced fricated alveolar click.
 
−
 
−
Akachenti disallows clicks in coda positions or multiple clicks appearing in a single lexical root.
 
  
 
=== Clusters ===
 
=== Clusters ===
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Regional dialect variations may allow ''sɹ'', ''ʃɹ'', ''dɹ'', or ''ɹɦ'' and ''ɹx'', but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.
 
Regional dialect variations may allow ''sɹ'', ''ʃɹ'', ''dɹ'', or ''ɹɦ'' and ''ɹx'', but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.
−
 
−
=== Allophones ===
 
−
 
−
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 
−
|+ Consonant Allophones
 
−
! Syllable || colspan="4"|Midtone (default) || colspan="3"|Glottalic Tone || colspan="3"|Low Tone
 
−
|-
 
−
| || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small> || <small>'''Word-Final'''</small> || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small> || <small>'''Onset'''</small> || <small>'''Intervocalic'''</small> || <small>'''Coda'''</small>
 
−
|-
 
−
| Q Dialect || k || || k || k̚ || kʼ || || kʼ || k || || k
 
−
|-
 
−
| S Dialect || k || || k || k̚ || q || || q || k̬ || k̬x̆ || k̬
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
[[Category:Language: Akachenti]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:16, 28 October 2018

Phonology

Orthography

The phonemic inventory of Pre-Modern Akachenti was somewhat captured at the adoption of the Tongchan writing system, a series of glyphs for the perceived phonemes of the language. In particular, the current ae diphthong was considered a vowel, length was distinguished for five of the six vowels, and several current consonantal phonemes were and are considered consonant clusters.

  • Vowels: a, a:, o, o:, u, u:, ae, e, e:, i, i:
  • Consonant "Clusters": nl, hl, tl, dl, ngl, khl, kl, gl

The above are all clicks with pre-glottalized allophones in glottalic tone syllables.

Vowels

The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts five qualities, three heights, and length.

Vowels
Short Vowels Long Vowels
front central back front central back
close i u i: u:
mid e o e: o:
open a a:
PHONEMIC DIPHTHONG aɛ - aɪ

Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.

Diphthongs
Front~Central Back
unrounded rounded rounded
close iɪ - ij ui
mid ie ue
open ia ua

The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though iɪ can realize as rising "diphthong" jɪ. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with e and a being prominent.

Consonants

Akachenti has 25 consonants.

Phonemic Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Velar Glottal
Pulmonic Click Pulmonic Click
Resonant m n ᵑǃ ɾ~ɹ ᵑǁ ŋ
Stop Fortis b~p t ǃ ǁ k ʔ
Lenis d ǃs ᶢǁ g
Affricate Fortis ǃx tʃ ǁx
Lenis dʒ
Fricative v~f s ʃ x ɦ (ç)

Romanization

Consonant Romanization
resonants IPA m n ᵑǃ ɾ~ɹ ᵑǁ ŋ
letter m n nl r ngl ng
fortis stops IPA b~p t ǃ ǁ k ʔ
letter b t tl kl k '
lenis stops IPA d ǃs ᶢǁ g
letter d l gl g
affricates IPA ǃx dʒ tʃ ǁx
letter hl j ch khl
fricatives IPA v~f s ʃ ɦ~ç x
letter v s sh h kh

Clusters

Consonant Clusters
n ŋ ɹ ɦ x d
nonlabial click/stop/affr. n(C) ŋ(C) ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
labial (m, b, v) + g ∅ ∅ (C)ɹ ∅ ∅ ∅
v ∅ ∅ (C)ɹ (C)ɦ (C)x ∅
ʃ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ (C)d

Regional dialect variations may allow sɹ, ʃɹ, dɹ, or ɹɦ and ɹx, but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.

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