Difference between revisions of "Akachenti Phonology"

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(→‎Draft II)
(→‎Draft II)
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Revision as of 15:03, 12 September 2017

Phonology

Orthography

The phonemic inventory of Pre-Modern Akachenti was somewhat captured at the adoption of the Tongchan writing system, a series of glyphs for the perceived phonemes of the language. In particular, the current ae diphthong was considered a vowel, length was distinguished for five of the six vowels, and several current consonantal phonemes were and are considered consonant clusters.

  • Vowels: a, a:, o, o:, u, u:, ae, e, e:, i, i:
  • Consonant "Clusters": nl, hl, tl, dl, ngl, khl, kl, gl

The above are all clicks with pre-glottalized allophones in glottalic tone syllables.

Vowels

The phonemic vowel inventory contrasts five qualities, three heights, and length.

Vowels
Short Vowels Long Vowels
front central back front central back
close i u i: u:
mid e o e: o:
open a a:
PHONEMIC DIPHTHONG aɛ - aɪ

Long vowels are pronounced with a low tone. The phonemic diphthong in the bottom row is the only one treated as a phonemic vowel in Akachenti's orthography and is romanized as ae. Other diphthongs are treated orthographically as vowel clusters.

Diphthongs
Front~Central Back
unrounded rounded rounded
close iɪ - ij ui
mid ie ue
open ia ua

The close diphthongs in the top row are typically falling diphthongs, with the first vowel more prominent, though iɪ can realize as rising "diphthong" jɪ. The remaining four diphthongs are typically rising, with e and a being prominent.

Consonants

Akachenti has 25 consonants.

Phonemic Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Velar Glottal
Pulmonic Click Pulmonic Click
Resonant m n ᵑǃ ɾ~ɹ ᵑǁ ŋ
Stop Fortis b~p t ǃ ǁ k ʔ
Lenis d ǃs ᶢǁ g
Affricate Fortis ǃx tʃ ǁx
Lenis dʒ
Fricative Sibilant s ʃ
Non-Sibilant v~f ç x
  1. ɦ is a common allophone of ç.

Romanization

Consonant Romanization
resonants IPA m n ᵑǃ ɾ~ɹ ᵑǁ ŋ
letter m n nl r ngl ng
fortis stops IPA b~p t ǃ ǁ k ʔ
letter b t tl kl k '
lenis stops IPA d ǃs ᶢǁ g
letter d l gl g
affricates IPA ǃx dʒ tʃ ǁx
letter hl j ch khl
fricatives IPA v~f s ʃ ç x
letter v s sh h kh

Clusters

Consonant Clusters
n ŋ ɹ ɦ x d
nonlabial click/stop/affr. n(C) ŋ(C) ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
labial (m, b, v) + g ∅ ∅ (C)ɹ ∅ ∅ ∅
v ∅ ∅ (C)ɹ (C)ɦ (C)x ∅
ʃ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ (C)d

Regional dialect variations may allow sɹ, ʃɹ, dɹ, or ɹɦ and ɹx, but this is disfavored in most Akachenti dialect regions.

Allophones

Draft II

Consonant Allophones
Midtone Glottalic Tone Low Tone
Post- Onset Coda Pre- Post- Onset Coda Pre- Post- Onset Coda Pre-
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V
k ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
C C C C C C
V V V V V V

Draft I

Consonant Allophones
Syllable Midtone (default) Glottalic Tone Low Tone
Onset Intervocalic Coda Word-Final Onset Intervocalic Coda Onset Intervocalic Coda
Q Dialect k k k̚ kʼ kʼ k k
S Dialect k k k̚ q q k̬ k̬x̆ k̬
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