Difference between revisions of "Lhiwa (Language)"
From Series Bible
(→Lexicon) |
(→Consonants) |
||
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead. | + | A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead. And apparently the maximum of naturalistically feasible nasals without adding clicks. |
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| rowspan="3"|'''Nasal''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀm ('m) || ˀn ('n) || || || ˀŋ ('ng) || || | | rowspan="3"|'''Nasal''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀm ('m) || ˀn ('n) || || || ˀŋ ('ng) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <small>'''voiced'''</small> || m (m) || n (n) || ɳ ( | + | | <small>'''voiced'''</small> || m (m) || n (n) || ɳ (rn) || ɲ (ny) || ŋ (ng) || (ɴ̟) (nn) || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | <small>'''breathy'''</small> || m̤ (mh) || n̤ (nh) || ɳ̤ ( | + | | <small>'''breathy'''</small> || m̤ (mh) || n̤ (nh) || ɳ̤ (rnh) || ɲ̤ (nyh) || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="3"|'''Obstruent''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀp ('p) || ˀt ('t) || || ˀc (' | + | | rowspan="3"|'''Obstruent''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀp ('p) || ˀt ('t) || || ˀc ('c) || ˀk ('k) || ˀq ('q) || |
|- | |- | ||
| <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || p (p) || t (t) || ʈ (rt) || c (c) || k (k) || q (q) || ʔ (') | | <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || p (p) || t (t) || ʈ (rt) || c (c) || k (k) || q (q) || ʔ (') | ||
Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| rowspan="2"|'''Fricative''' || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || f (f) || s (s) || ʃ (sh) || ɕ (ch) || x (x) || || | | rowspan="2"|'''Fricative''' || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || f (f) || s (s) || ʃ (sh) || ɕ (ch) || x (x) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | <small>'''breathy'''</small> || v̤ (vh) || z̤ (hz) || ʒ̤ ( | + | | <small>'''breathy'''</small> || v̤ (vh) || z̤ (hz) || ʒ̤ (jh) || ʎ̝ʱ (hl) || ɣ̤ (gh) || || ɦ (h) |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"|'''Approximant''' || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || w (w) || l (l) || ɻ (r) || j (y) || ʟ (ll) || || | | rowspan="2"|'''Approximant''' || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || w (w) || l (l) || ɻ (r) || j (y) || ʟ (ll) || || | ||
Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
# There are no consonant clusters or vowel sequences (diphthongs). | # There are no consonant clusters or vowel sequences (diphthongs). | ||
# Stress is on the first syllable. | # Stress is on the first syllable. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Grammar == | ||
+ | |||
+ | # Nouns precede adjectives. | ||
+ | # Verbs precede adverbs. | ||
+ | # Verbs precede noun objects. | ||
+ | # Compounds elide word-final codas. | ||
+ | # Compounds may alter the last syllable of the word to better fit the target word-class. | ||
== Lexicon == | == Lexicon == | ||
Line 61: | Line 69: | ||
# bha'ce • physically strong, unbreakable — adjective | # bha'ce • physically strong, unbreakable — adjective | ||
# bha'cull • unbroken — participle | # bha'cull • unbroken — participle | ||
+ | # bhuqarh • to sweeten; to make pleasant — verb | ||
# chudhi • blue; of night — adjective | # chudhi • blue; of night — adjective | ||
# dhahzunn • to breathe — verb | # dhahzunn • to breathe — verb | ||
+ | # ghawi • childlike, young — adjective | ||
+ | # ghuwi • ashy, burnt — adjective | ||
# lawhull • missed — participle | # lawhull • missed — participle | ||
# lhiwa • speech — noun | # lhiwa • speech — noun | ||
# hewerh • to walk; to ride forth; to travel — verb | # hewerh • to walk; to ride forth; to travel — verb | ||
# hliwe • beautiful — adjective | # hliwe • beautiful — adjective | ||
+ | # masu • smallness — noun | ||
# medung • flower; blossom — noun | # medung • flower; blossom — noun | ||
# nyuni • yellow — adjective | # nyuni • yellow — adjective | ||
− | # ' | + | # 'penga • boy |
+ | # puwhi • friendly — adjective | ||
# ta'la • road — noun | # ta'la • road — noun | ||
# 'taki'ra • broomflower — noun | # 'taki'ra • broomflower — noun | ||
− | # | + | # vhanga • girl |
=== Names === | === Names === |
Latest revision as of 15:21, 19 May 2017
A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead. And apparently the maximum of naturalistically feasible nasals without adding clicks.
Phonology
Vowels
front | back | |
---|---|---|
near-close | ɪ (i) | ʊ (u) |
open-mid | ɛ (e) | ʌ (a) |
The back vowels are retracted in velar- or uvular-adjacent positions to u and ɑ.
Romanization in parentheses.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | glottalized | ˀm ('m) | ˀn ('n) | ˀŋ ('ng) | ||||
voiced | m (m) | n (n) | ɳ (rn) | ɲ (ny) | ŋ (ng) | (ɴ̟) (nn) | ||
breathy | m̤ (mh) | n̤ (nh) | ɳ̤ (rnh) | ɲ̤ (nyh) | ||||
Obstruent | glottalized | ˀp ('p) | ˀt ('t) | ˀc ('c) | ˀk ('k) | ˀq ('q) | ||
voiceless | p (p) | t (t) | ʈ (rt) | c (c) | k (k) | q (q) | ʔ (') | |
breathy | b̤ (bh) | d̤ (dh) | ɖ̤ (rdh) | ɟ̤ (hc) | kxʱ (xh) | qχʱ (qh) | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f (f) | s (s) | ʃ (sh) | ɕ (ch) | x (x) | ||
breathy | v̤ (vh) | z̤ (hz) | ʒ̤ (jh) | ʎ̝ʱ (hl) | ɣ̤ (gh) | ɦ (h) | ||
Approximant | voiced | w (w) | l (l) | ɻ (r) | j (y) | ʟ (ll) | ||
breathy | w̤ (wh) | l̤ (lh) | ɻ̤ (rh) | j̤ (yh) | ʟ̤ (llh) | |||
Tap | glottalized | ˀɺ ('l) | ˀɾ ('r) |
Glottalization can be realized as creaky voice, pre-glottalization, or post-glottalization.
Romanization in parentheses.
Phonotactics
- Syllables are always CV, except word final syllables allow a sonorant coda.
- There are no consonant clusters or vowel sequences (diphthongs).
- Stress is on the first syllable.
Grammar
- Nouns precede adjectives.
- Verbs precede adverbs.
- Verbs precede noun objects.
- Compounds elide word-final codas.
- Compounds may alter the last syllable of the word to better fit the target word-class.
Lexicon
- bha'ce • physically strong, unbreakable — adjective
- bha'cull • unbroken — participle
- bhuqarh • to sweeten; to make pleasant — verb
- chudhi • blue; of night — adjective
- dhahzunn • to breathe — verb
- ghawi • childlike, young — adjective
- ghuwi • ashy, burnt — adjective
- lawhull • missed — participle
- lhiwa • speech — noun
- hewerh • to walk; to ride forth; to travel — verb
- hliwe • beautiful — adjective
- masu • smallness — noun
- medung • flower; blossom — noun
- nyuni • yellow — adjective
- 'penga • boy
- puwhi • friendly — adjective
- ta'la • road — noun
- 'taki'ra • broomflower — noun
- vhanga • girl
Names
- Hewechudha • Night Traveler
- Hliwavha • Beautiful Girl
- Hliwa'pa • Beautiful Boy
- Medunyuna • Yellow Flower