Difference between revisions of "Lhiwa (Language)"

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(Consonants)
(Consonants)
 
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A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead.
+
A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead. And apparently the maximum of naturalistically feasible nasals without adding clicks.
  
 
== Phonology ==
 
== Phonology ==
Line 9: Line 9:
 
! || front || back
 
! || front || back
 
|-
 
|-
| '''near-close''' || ɪ || ʊ
+
| '''near-close''' || ɪ (i) || ʊ (u)
 
|-
 
|-
| '''open-mid''' || ɛ || ʌ
+
| '''open-mid''' || ɛ (e) || ʌ (a)
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
The back vowels are retracted in velar- or uvular-adjacent positions to u and ɑ.
 +
 +
Romanization in parentheses.
  
 
=== Consonants ===
 
=== Consonants ===
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! colspan="2"| || Labial || Alveolar || Post-Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
 
! colspan="2"| || Labial || Alveolar || Post-Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="3"|'''Nasal''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀm || ˀn || || || ˀŋ || ||
+
| rowspan="3"|'''Nasal''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀm ('m) || ˀn ('n) || || || ˀŋ ('ng) || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''voiced'''</small> || m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || (ɴ̟) ||
+
| <small>'''voiced'''</small> || m (m) || n (n) || ɳ (rn) || ɲ (ny) || ŋ (ng) || (ɴ̟) (nn) ||
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || m̤ || n̤ || ɳ̤ || ɲ̤ || || ||
+
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || m̤ (mh) || n̤ (nh) || ɳ̤ (rnh) || ɲ̤ (nyh) || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="3"|'''Obstruent''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀp || ˀt || || ˀc || ˀk || ˀq ||
+
| rowspan="3"|'''Obstruent''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || ˀp ('p) || ˀt ('t) || || ˀc ('c) || ˀk ('k) || ˀq ('q) ||
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || p || t || ʈ || c || k || q || ʔ
+
| <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || p (p) || t (t) || ʈ (rt) || c (c) || k (k) || q (q) || ʔ (')
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || b̤ || d̤ || ɖ̤ || ɟ̤ || || qχʱ ||
+
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || b̤ (bh) || d̤ (dh) || ɖ̤ (rdh) || ɟ̤ (hc) || kxʱ (xh) || qχʱ (qh) ||
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Fricative''' || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || f || s || ʃ || ɕ || x || ||
+
| rowspan="2"|'''Fricative''' || <small>'''voiceless'''</small> || f (f) || s (s) || ʃ (sh) || ɕ (ch) || x (x) || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || v̤ || z̤ || ʒ̤ || ʎ̝ʱ|| ɣ̤  || || ɦ
+
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || v̤ (vh) || z̤ (hz) || ʒ̤ (jh) || ʎ̝ʱ (hl) || ɣ̤ (gh) || || ɦ (h)
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Approximant''' || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || w || l || ɻ || j || ʟ || ||
+
| rowspan="2"|'''Approximant''' || <small>'''voiced'''</small> || w (w) || l (l) || ɻ (r) || j (y) || ʟ (ll) || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || w̤ || l̤ || ɻ̤ || j̤|| ʟ̤  || ||  
+
| <small>'''breathy'''</small> || w̤ (wh) || l̤ (lh) || ɻ̤ (rh) || j̤ (yh)|| ʟ̤ (llh) || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Tap''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || || ˀɺ || ˀɾ || || || ||
+
| '''Tap''' || <small>'''glottalized'''</small> || || ˀɺ ('l) || ˀɾ ('r) || || || ||
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
Glottalization can be realized as creaky voice, pre-glottalization, or post-glottalization.
 +
 +
Romanization in parentheses.
 +
 +
=== Phonotactics ===
 +
 +
# Syllables are always CV, except word final syllables allow a sonorant coda.
 +
# There are no consonant clusters or vowel sequences (diphthongs).
 +
# Stress is on the first syllable.
 +
 +
== Grammar ==
 +
 +
# Nouns precede adjectives.
 +
# Verbs precede adverbs.
 +
# Verbs precede noun objects.
 +
# Compounds elide word-final codas.
 +
# Compounds may alter the last syllable of the word to better fit the target word-class.
 +
 +
== Lexicon ==
 +
 +
# bha'ce • physically strong, unbreakable — adjective
 +
# bha'cull • unbroken — participle
 +
# bhuqarh • to sweeten; to make pleasant — verb
 +
# chudhi • blue; of night — adjective
 +
# dhahzunn • to breathe — verb
 +
# ghawi • childlike, young — adjective
 +
# ghuwi • ashy, burnt — adjective
 +
# lawhull • missed — participle
 +
# lhiwa • speech — noun
 +
# hewerh • to walk; to ride forth; to travel — verb
 +
# hliwe • beautiful — adjective
 +
# masu • smallness — noun
 +
# medung • flower; blossom — noun
 +
# nyuni • yellow — adjective
 +
# 'penga • boy
 +
# puwhi • friendly — adjective
 +
# ta'la • road — noun
 +
# 'taki'ra • broomflower — noun
 +
# vhanga • girl
 +
 +
=== Names ===
 +
 +
# Hewechudha • Night Traveler
 +
# Hliwavha • Beautiful Girl
 +
# Hliwa'pa • Beautiful Boy
 +
# Medunyuna • Yellow Flower
  
 
[[Category:Language]]
 
[[Category:Language]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 19 May 2017

A naming language because I wanted one with the non-cardinal vowels instead. And apparently the maximum of naturalistically feasible nasals without adding clicks.

Phonology

Vowels

Phonemic Vowels
front back
near-close ɪ (i) ʊ (u)
open-mid ɛ (e) ʌ (a)

The back vowels are retracted in velar- or uvular-adjacent positions to u and ɑ.

Romanization in parentheses.

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal glottalized ˀm ('m) ˀn ('n) ˀŋ ('ng)
voiced m (m) n (n) ɳ (rn) ɲ (ny) ŋ (ng) (ɴ̟) (nn)
breathy m̤ (mh) n̤ (nh) ɳ̤ (rnh) ɲ̤ (nyh)
Obstruent glottalized ˀp ('p) ˀt ('t) ˀc ('c) ˀk ('k) ˀq ('q)
voiceless p (p) t (t) ʈ (rt) c (c) k (k) q (q) ʔ (')
breathy b̤ (bh) d̤ (dh) ɖ̤ (rdh) ɟ̤ (hc) kxʱ (xh) qχʱ (qh)
Fricative voiceless f (f) s (s) ʃ (sh) ɕ (ch) x (x)
breathy v̤ (vh) z̤ (hz) ʒ̤ (jh) ʎ̝ʱ (hl) ɣ̤ (gh) ɦ (h)
Approximant voiced w (w) l (l) ɻ (r) j (y) ʟ (ll)
breathy w̤ (wh) l̤ (lh) ɻ̤ (rh) j̤ (yh) ʟ̤ (llh)
Tap glottalized ˀɺ ('l) ˀɾ ('r)

Glottalization can be realized as creaky voice, pre-glottalization, or post-glottalization.

Romanization in parentheses.

Phonotactics

  1. Syllables are always CV, except word final syllables allow a sonorant coda.
  2. There are no consonant clusters or vowel sequences (diphthongs).
  3. Stress is on the first syllable.

Grammar

  1. Nouns precede adjectives.
  2. Verbs precede adverbs.
  3. Verbs precede noun objects.
  4. Compounds elide word-final codas.
  5. Compounds may alter the last syllable of the word to better fit the target word-class.

Lexicon

  1. bha'ce • physically strong, unbreakable — adjective
  2. bha'cull • unbroken — participle
  3. bhuqarh • to sweeten; to make pleasant — verb
  4. chudhi • blue; of night — adjective
  5. dhahzunn • to breathe — verb
  6. ghawi • childlike, young — adjective
  7. ghuwi • ashy, burnt — adjective
  8. lawhull • missed — participle
  9. lhiwa • speech — noun
  10. hewerh • to walk; to ride forth; to travel — verb
  11. hliwe • beautiful — adjective
  12. masu • smallness — noun
  13. medung • flower; blossom — noun
  14. nyuni • yellow — adjective
  15. 'penga • boy
  16. puwhi • friendly — adjective
  17. ta'la • road — noun
  18. 'taki'ra • broomflower — noun
  19. vhanga • girl

Names

  1. Hewechudha • Night Traveler
  2. Hliwavha • Beautiful Girl
  3. Hliwa'pa • Beautiful Boy
  4. Medunyuna • Yellow Flower